The current study aims to analyze the effects of factors such as the properties of the earth or soil on geophysical surveying techniques upon understanding the engineering properties of the ground earth. A testbed was built and used to analyze survey limitations undertaken via Ground Penetrating Radar (GRP) surveying and electrical resistivity surveying to consider the various and complex factors from actual complex grounds. As a result of the surveying, this study found that a GPR survey at a frequency of 250 MHz in clay sand medium was capable of accurately identifying underground cavities 0.1 m in diameter at a depth of up to 3.7 m. By measuring the distorted potential, the anomaly’s location, size, shape, and physical properties can be acquired. In addition, while an electrical resistivity survey was found to present low resresistivity in areas affected by loosened grounds, the survey technique was limited in its ability to pinpoint the location.

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Y. Han, K.-C.Yoo, “A study on the limitations of geophysical surveying techniques to survey underground cavities and areas affected by loosened grounds,” International Journal of Technology and Engineering Studies, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 143-149, 2018.