The goal of this research is to have a deeper grasp of the link between negative humor in leadership and employee commitment by investigating the mediating effect of emotional dissonance between the variables in question. Overuse of self-mockery, adoration of others, and unsuccessful rejection of unpleasant feelings define self-defeating humor. Based on Affective Events Theory (AET), this study explains that self-defeating humor creates emotional dissonance among employees which reduces employee commitment. The data were collected in two phases with a time lag of four weeks, from 366 hotel employees of Pakistan. The data was analyzed with the help of SmartPLS. The results give the insight that self-defeating humor reduces employee commitment. Moreover, self-defeating humor is the reason for emotional dissonance in employees which reduces employee commitment. This research significantly adds to AET theory and humor literature by testing the self-defeating humor in leadership to measure employee commitment and is helpful for the management of the hotel industry to control the negative humor.
Aghdasi, S., Kiamanesh, A. R., & Ebrahim, A. N. (2011). Emotional intelligence and organizational commitment: Testing the mediatory role of occupational stress and job satisfaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1965–1976. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.447
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Almeida, M. d. G. M. C., & Coelho, A. F. M. (2019). The antecedents of corporate reputation and image and their impacts on employee commitment and performance: The moderating role of CSR. Corporate Reputation Review, 22(1), 10–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-018-0053-8
Andela, M., Truchot, D., & Van der Doef, M. (2016). Job stressors and burnout in hospitals: The mediating role of emotional dissonance. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(3), 298-317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000013
Awais, M., Malik, M. S., & Qaisar, A. (2015). A review: The job satisfaction act as mediator between spiritual intelligence and organizational commitment. International Review of Management and Marketing, 5(4).
Becker, T. E. (1992). Foci and bases of commitment: Are they distinctions worth making? Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 232–244. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/256481
Benson, G. S. (2006). Employee development, commitment and intention to turnover: A test of ‘employability’policies in action. Human Resource Management Journal, 16(2), 173–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2006.00011.x
Burford, C. T. (1985). The relationship of principals’sense of humor and job robustness to school environment (Tech. Rep.). The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA.
Byun, G., Dai, Y., Lee, S., & Kang, S. (2017). Leader trust, competence, LMX, and member performance: A moderated mediation framework. Psychological Reports, 120(6), 1137–1159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117716465
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016
Cann, A., Stilwell, K., & Taku, K. (2010). Humor styles, positive personality and health. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 6(3), 213–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v6i3.214
Chen, H., & Ayoun, B. (2019). Is negative workplace humor really all that” negative”? Workplace humor and hospitality employees’ job embeddedness. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 79, 41–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.12.010
Cheng, D., & Wang, L. (2015). Examining the energizing effects of humor: The influence of humor on persistence behavior. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(4), 759–772. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-014-9396-z
Cheung, F., & Tang, C. (2010). The influence of emotional dissonance on subjective health and job satisfaction: Testing the stress-strain-outcome model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(12), 3192-3217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00697.x
Cheung, F. Y.-L., & Cheung, R. Y.-H. (2013). Effect of emotional dissonance on organizational citizenship behavior: Testing the stressor-strain-outcome model. The Journal of Psychology, 147(1), 89–103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.676576
Cheung, F. Y.-L., & Tang, C. S.-K. (2007). The influence of emotional dissonance and resources at work on job burnout among Chinese human service employees. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(1), 72-87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.1.72
Choi, B. C., & Pak, A. W. (2005). Peer reviewed: A catalog of biases in questionnaires. Preventing Chronic Disease, 2(1), 1-13.
Chung, E.-C. (2013). The relationship of training and organizational commitment in one Korean organization (Tech. Rep.). The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Clugston, M., Howell, J. P., & Dorfman, P. W. (2000). Does cultural socialization predict multiple bases and foci of commitment? Journal of Management, 26(1), 5–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600106
Cooper, C. (2008). Elucidating the bonds of workplace humor: A relational process model. Human Relations, 61(8), 1087–1115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708094861
Cropanzano, R., Dasborough, M. T., & Weiss, H. M. (2017). Affective events and the development of leader-member exchange. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 233–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0384
Decker, W. H. (1987). Managerial humor and subordinate satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 15(2), 225-232. doi:https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1987.15.2.225
Dollard, M. F., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Psychosocial safety climate as a precursor to conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 579-599. doi:https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X470690
Dollard, M. F., Dormann, C., Tuckey, M. R., & Escartín, J. (2017). Psychosocial Safety Climate (PSC) and enacted PSC for workplace bullying and psychological health problem reduction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(6), 844–857. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1380626
Edwards, J. R. (1992). A cybernetic theory of stress, coping, and well-being in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 238–274. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1992.4279536
Farrell, A. M. (2010). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty, and Shiu (2009). Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 324–327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.05.003
Fein, E. C., Benea, D., Idzadikhah, Z., & Tziner, A. (2020). The security to lead: A systematic review of leader and follower attachment styles and leader-member exchange. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(1), 106–125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1696774
Fida, R., Tramontano, C., Paciello, M., Guglielmetti, C., Gilardi, S., Probst, T. M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2018). ‘first, do no harm’: The role of negative emotions and moral disengagement in understanding the relationship between workplace aggression and misbehavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 671. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00671
Ford, T. E., Lappi, S. K., O’Connor, E. C., & Banos, N. C. (2017). Manipulating humor styles: Engaging in self-enhancing humor reduces state anxiety. Humor, 30(2), 169-191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2016-0113
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
Frewen, P. A., Brinker, J., Martin, R. A., & Dozois, D. J. (2008). Humor styles and personality-vulnerability to depression. Humor – International Journal of Humor Research, 21(2), 179–195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMOR.2008.009
Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-analytic review of leader-member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827-844.
Giardini, A., & Frese, M. (2008). Linking service employees’ emotional competence to customer satisfaction: A multilevel approach. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 155–170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/job.509
Grandey, A., Foo, S. C., Groth, M., & Goodwin, R. E. (2012). Free to be you and me: A climate of authenticity alleviates burnout from emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(1), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025102
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
Heintz, S., & Ruch, W. (2018). Can self-defeating humor make you happy? Cognitive interviews reveal the adaptive side of the self-defeating humor style. Humor, 31(3), 451–472. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2017-0089
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. New Challenges to International Marketing, 20, 277–319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart berkeley. CA: University of California Press.
Hunt, S. D., & Morgan, R. M. (1994). Organizational commitment: One of many commitments or key mediating construct? Academy of Management Journal, 37(6), 1568–1587. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/256799
Karl, K. A., Peluchette, J. V., & Harland, L. (2007). Is fun for everyone? Personality differences in healthcare providers’ attitudes toward fun. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 29(4), 409–447.
Kim, T.-Y., Lee, D.-R., & Wong, N. Y. S. (2016). Supervisor humor and employee outcomes: The role of social distance and affective trust in supervisor. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(1), 125–139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-015-9406-9
Kong, D. T., Cooper, C. D., & Sosik, J. J. (2019). The state of research on leader humor. Organizational Psychology Review, 9(1), 3–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386619846948
Kuiper, N. A., & Leite, C. (2010). Personality impressions associated with four distinct humor styles. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 115–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00734
Kwak, H., McNeeley, S., & Kim, S.-H. (2018). Emotional labor, role characteristics, and police officer burnout in South Korea: The mediating effect of emotional dissonance. Police Quarterly, 21(2), 223–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118757230
Lefcourt, H. M. (2001). Humor: The psychology of living buoyantly. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.
Mahmud, I., Ramayah, T., & Kurnia, S. (2017). To use or not to use: Modelling end user grumbling as user resistance in pre-implementation stage of enterprise resource planning system. Information Systems, 69, 164–179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2017.05.005
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1983). Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stressors and moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(6), 1313-1324. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.6.1313
Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the humor styles questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 48–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.32.3817
Masih, S., Daniel, K., Daniel, I., Saher, S., & Hewawitharana, A. (2020). Affiliative and self-enhancing humor in leadership and their relationship to employee well-being and creativity via LMX. Global Journal of Emerging Sciences, 2(1), 35–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.37187/gjoes.0320.0201.05
McGhee, P. (2010). Humor as survival training for a stressed-out world: The 7 humor habits program. Bloomington, IN: Author House.
Mesmer-Magnus, J., Glew, D. J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2012). A meta-analysis of positive humor in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(2), 155–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211199554
Mesmer-Magnus, J., Guidice, R., Andrews, M., & Oechslin, R. (2018). The effects of supervisor humour on employee attitudes. Journal of Management Development, 37, 697–710. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2018-0034
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
Mulder, M. P., & Nijholt, A. (2002). Humour research: State of the art. (https://bit.ly/2ZWaBVE)
Nauman, S., Fatima, T., & Haq, I. U. (2018). Does despotic leadership harm employee family life: Exploring the effects of emotional exhaustion and anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00601
Ocen, E., Francis, K., & Angundaru, G. (2017). The role of training in building employee commitment: The mediating effect of job satisfaction. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(9), 742–757. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-11-2016-0084
Park, J. H., & Heo, C.-M. (2019). A study on effects of actor’s emotional labor on job stress: Focused on mediation effect of emotional dissonance. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 14(5), 127–139.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609.
Pundt, A., & Venz, L. (2017). Personal need for structure as a boundary condition for humor in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(1), 87–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/job
Sarstedt, M., Hair Jr, J. F., Cheah, J.-H., Becker, J.-M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 27(3), 197–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
Sarstedt, M., & Mooi, E. A. (2014). A concise guide to market research: The process, data, and methods using IBM SPSS statistics. New York, NY: Springer.
Scheel, T., Gerdenitsch, C., & Korunka, C. (2016). Humor at work: Validation of the Short work-related Humor Styles Questionnaire (swHSQ). Humor, 29(3), 439–465.
Shah, R., & Goldstein, S. M. (2006). Use of structural equation modeling in operations management research: Looking back and forward. Journal of Operations Management, 24(2), 148–169. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2005.05.001
Shook, C. L., Ketchen Jr, D. J., Hult, G. T. M., & Kacmar, K. M. (2004). An assessment of the use of structural equation modeling in strategic management research. Strategic Management Journal, 25(4), 397–404. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.385
Sonnentag, S., & Pundt, A. (2016). Leader-member exchange from a job-stress perspective. In T. N. Bauer & B. Erdogan (Eds.), The oxford handbook of leader-member exchange. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Teo, S. T., Bentley, T., & Nguyen, D. (2020). Psychosocial work environment, work engagement, and employee commitment: A moderated, mediation model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102415
Tucker, R. P., Wingate, L. R., Slish, M. L., O’Keefe, V. M., Cole, A. B., & Hollingsworth, D. W. (2014). Rumination, suicidal ideation, and the mediating effect of self-defeating humor. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 492–504. doi:https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i3.758
Vahdati, H., Purzare, H., & Bagheri, M. (2019). The effect of organizational virtuousness on organization spontaneity; testing the mediating role of organizational identity (case study: Staffs of Lorestan University). Journal of Applied Sociology, 30(4), 113–126. doi:https://doi.org/10.22108/jas.2019.112966.1482
Van Gelderen, B. R., Bakker, A. B., Konijn, E. A., & Demerouti, E. (2011). Daily suppression of discrete emotions during the work of police service workers and criminal investigation officers. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 24(5), 515–537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.560665
Vrabel, J. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Shango, R. G. (2017). Spitefulness and humor styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 238–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.001
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18(1), 1–74.
Wells, R. E. (2008). Managers’ affective expressions as determinants of employee responses to change: Valence, inappropriateness and authenticity (Phd thesis). Columbia University, New York, NY.
Wijewardena, N., Härtel, C. E., & Samaratunge, R. (2017). Using humor and boosting emotions: An affect-based study of managerial humor, employees’ emotions and psychological capital. Human Relations, 70(11), 1316–1341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717691809
Wold, H. (1982). Soft modeling: The basic design and some extensions. In K. Joreskog & H. O. A. Wold (Eds.), Systems under indirect observations (Vol. 2, p. 343). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland.
Zapf, D., & Holz, M. (2006). On the positive and negative effects of emotion work in organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 1–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500412199
Zapf, D., Vogt, C., Seifert, C., Mertini, H., & Isic, A. (1999). Emotion work as a source of stress: The concept and development of an instrument. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(3), 371–400.
Zhang, W., Zhuang, K., Chen, Q., Shi, B., Qiu, J., & Wang, N. (2021). Relationship between self-defeating humor and the Gray matter volume in the orbital frontal cortex: The moderating effect of divergent thinking. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 15(4), 2168–2177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-020-00412-5
Masih, S., Saher, S., & Raju, V. (2021). Consequences of self-defeating humor on employee commitment via emotional dissonance. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 7(4), 77-90. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.20469/ijbas.7.10003-4