Several researchers contended that mistreatment has a tendency to induce stress among individuals, which fosters responses that are often incompatible with work outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to adopt a more focused-approach on the systematic investigation of how mistreatment causes stress while social support playing a moderating role among the said relationship, especially in Pakistani working environment. Hence, the current research investigates the impact of mistreatment (through incivility) on affective commitment in the presence of social support as moderating variable. The data is collected from 529 employees working in Pakistani banking industry. The results indicate that social support and incivility has an impact on affective commitment while social support also act as moderator in incivility and affective commitment relationship. The present study applies occupational research framework, affective event theory and social exchange theory at mistreatment in the Pakistani context. This framework is rarely adapted in this situation so it would contribute to the literature.

1. Abas, N. A. H. B., & Otto, K. (2016). Interpersonal Mistreatment, Organizational Attitudes and Well-Being: The Impact of Instigator’s Hierarchical Position and Demographic Characteristics. Organization Management Journal, 13(1), 5-20.
2. Anastasiadou, S. D. (2011). Reliability and validity testing of a new scale for measuring attitudes toward learning statistics with technology. Acta Didactica Napocensia, 4(1), 1-10.
3. Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452-471.
4. Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X., Sun, L. Y., & Debrah, Y. A. (2007). Antecedents and outcomes of abusive supervision: test of a trickledown model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 191-201.
5. Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2005). Tests for skewness, kurtosis, and normality for time series data. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 23(1), 49-60.
6. Barclay, L. J., Skarlicki, D. P., & Pugh, S. D. (2005). Exploring the role of emotions in injustice perceptions and retaliation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 629-643.
7. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
8. Baruch-Feldman, C., Brondolo, E., Ben-Dayan, D., & Schwartz, J. (2002). Sources of social support and burnout, job satisfaction, and productivity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1), 84-93.
9. Bergman, M. E., Langhout, R. D., Palmieri, P. A., Cortina, L. M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2002). The (un) reasonableness of reporting: Antecedents and consequences of reporting sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 230-242.
10. Blau, G., & Andersson, L. (2005). Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 595-614.
11. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Transaction Publishers.
12. Boswell, W. R., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2004). Experiencing mistreatment at work: The role of grievance filing, nature of mistreatment, and employee withdrawal. Academy of Management Journal, 47(1), 129-139.
13. Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim’s perspective: a theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 998-1012.
14. Brooke, P. P., Russell, D. W., & Price, J. L. (1988). Discriminant validation of measures of job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 139-145.
15. Burnes, B., & Pope, R. (2007). Negative behaviours in the workplace: a study of two primary care trusts in the NHS. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 20(4), 285-303.
16. Caza, B. B., & Cortina, L. M. (2007). From insult to injury: Explaining the impact of incivility. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(4), 335-350.
17. Chiaburu, D. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2008). Do peers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of coworker effects on perceptions, attitudes, OCBs, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1082-1103.
    Coats, D., & Lekhi, R. (2008). ’Good work’: Job quality in a changing economy. London, UK: Work Foundation.
18. Cortina, L. M., Lonsway, K. A., Magley, V. J., Freeman, L. V., Collinsworth, L. L., Hunter, M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2002). What’s gender got to do with it? Incivility in the federal courts. Law & Social Inquiry, 27(2), 235-270.
19. Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., & Neuman, J. (2004). Individual dispositions and the psychological contract: The moderating effects of exchange and creditor ideologies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(1), 150-164.
20. Dekker, I., & Barling, J. (1998). Personal and organizational predictors of workplace sexual harassment of women by men. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(1), 7-18.
21. Donald, I., & Siu, O. L. (2001). Moderating the stress impact of environmental conditions: The effect of organizational commitment in Hong Kong and China. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(4), 353-368.
22. Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 331-351.
23. Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 16-27.
24. Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. R. I., & Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality: An exploratory study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 4(4), 381-401.
25. Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(1), 42-51.
26. Folger, R., & Skarlicki, D. P. (1999). Unfairness and resistance to change: Hardship as mistreatment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(1), 35-50.
27. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of marketing research, 18(3), 382-388.
28. Fox, S., & Stallworth, L. E. (2010). The battered apple: An application of stressor-emotion-control/support theory to teachers’ experience of violence and bullying. Human Relations, 63(7), 927-954.
29. Gallus, J. A., Bunk, J. A., Matthews, R. A., Barnes-Farrell, J. L., & Magley, V. J. (2014). An eye for an eye? Exploring the relationship between workplace incivility experiences and perpetration. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(2), 143-154.
30. Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-Analytic review of leadermember exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues.
31. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827-844.
32. Ghosh, R., Jacobs, J. L., & Reio Jr, T. G. (2011). The toxic continuum from incivility to violence: What can HRD do?. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(1), 3-9.
33. Giumetti, G. W., Hatfield, A. L., Scisco, J. L., Schroeder, A. N., Muth, E. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (2013). What a rude e-mail! Examining the differential effects of incivility versus support on mood, energy, engagement, and performance in an online context. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 297-309.
34. Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178.
35. Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
36. Halbesleben, J. R. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1134-1145.
37. Harlos, K. (2010). If you build a remedial voice mechanism, will they come? Determinants of voicing interpersonal mistreatment at work. Human Relations, 63(3), 311-329.
38. Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). “Incivility, social undermining, bullying … oh my!”: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 499-519.
39. Hoel, H., Einarsen, S., Keashly, L., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.) (2003). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
40. Hoel, H., Sparks, K., & Cooper, C. L. (2001). The cost of violence/stress at work and the benefits of a violence/stress-free working environment. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labor Organization.
41. Homans, G. C. (1974). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. Oxford, UK: Harcourt Publishing.
42. House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. California, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
43. Kaukiainen, A., Salmivalli, C., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., Lahtinen, A., Kostamo, A., & Lagerspetz, K. (2001). Overt and covert aggression in work settings in relation to the subjective wellbeing of employees. Aggressive Behavior, 27(5), 360-371.
44. Keashly, L. (1997). Emotional abuse in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical issues. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(1), 85-117.
45. Keashly, L. (2001). Interpersonal and systemic aspects of emotional abuse at work: The target’s perspective. Violence and Victims, 16(3), 233-268.
46. Keashly, L., Trott, V., & MacLean, L. M. (1994). Abusive behavior in the workplace: A preliminary investigation. Violence and Victims, 9(4), 341-357.
47. Lewis, R., & Spanier, G. B. (1982). Marital quality, marital stability, and social exchange. In F. I. Nye (Ed.), Family relationships: Rewards and costs (pp. 49-66). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184.
48. Lim, S., & Cortina, L. M. (2005). Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: the interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 483-496.
49. Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 95-107.
50. Makoba, J. W. (1993). Toward a general theory of social exchange. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 21(3), 227-239.
51. Mazzocchi, M. (2008). Statistics for marketing and consumer research. London, UK: Sage. Mcavoy, B. R. & Murtagh, J. (2003) Workplace Bullying. BMJ, 326, 776-777.
52. Meyer, J., & Allen, N. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. New York, NY: Sage Publications.
53. Mikula, G., Petri, B., & Tanzer, N. (1990). What people regard as unjust: Types and structures of everyday experiences of injustice. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20(2), 133-149.
54. Mohr, D. C., Warren, N., Hodgson, M., Osatuke, K., Ward, C., & Dyrenforth, S. (2007). Workplace civility, workplace incivility and employee sick leave rate usage. In M. Nagy (Moderator), Measuring and assessing workplace civility: Do “nice” organizations finish first? Paper presented at the Symposium at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, PA.
55. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
56. Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2008). Sense of coherence as a protective mechanism among targets of workplace bullying. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(2), 128-136.
57. Olson-Buchanan, J. B., & Boswell, W. R. (2008). An integrative model of experiencing and responding to mistreatment at work. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 76-96.
58. O’Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-499.
59. Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29 (2), 123-137.
60. Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2005). Job stress, incivility, and Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB): The moderating role of negative affectivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 777-796.
61. Porath, C., & Pearson, C. (2013). The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review, 91(1), 114-121.
    Pryor, J. B., & Meyers, A. B. (2000). Menwho sexually harass women. In L. B. Schlesinger (Ed.), Serial offenders: Current thought, recent findings, unusual syndromes (pp. 207228). Boca Raton. FL: CRC Press.
62. Rabinowitz, S., & Hall, D. T. (1977). Organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 84(2), 265-288.
63. Rayner, K., Foorman, B. R., Perfetti, C. A., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2002). How should reading be taught?. Scientific American-American Edition, 286(3), 70-77.
64. Rusting, C. L., & DeHart, T. (2000). Retrieving positive memories to regulate negative mood: consequences for mood-congruent memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 737-752.
65. Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619.
66. Sakurai, K., Jex, S., & Gillespie, M. (2011). Negative work-family spillover of affect due to workplace incivility. Japanese Association of Industrial/Organizational Psychology Journal, 25, 13-23.
67. Salin, D., & Hoel, H. (2013). Workplace bullying as a gendered phenomenon. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(3), 235-251.
68. Schat, A. C., Kelloway, E. K., & Desmarais, S. (2005). The Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ): construct validation of a selfreport scale of somatic symptoms. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 363-381.
69. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
70. Skarlicki, D. P., Van Jaarsveld, D. D., & Walker, D. D. (2008). Getting even for customer mistreatment: the role of moral identity in the relationship between customer interpersonal injustice and employee sabotage. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1335-1347
71. Spence, C., Shore, D. I., & Klein, R. M. (2001). Multisensory prior entry. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(4), 799-832.
72. Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of management journal, 43(2), 178-190.
    Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Henle, C. A., & Lambert, L. S. (2006). Procedural injustice, victim precipitation, and abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 59(1), 101-123.
73. Thoits, P. A. (1985). Social support and psychological well-being: Theoretical possibilities. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 51-72). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Springer Netherlands.
74. Van Daalen, G., Willemsen, T. M., & Sanders, K. (2006). Reducing workfamily conflict through different sources of social support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 462-476.
75. Vardi, Y. (2001). The effects of organizational and ethical climates on misconduct at work. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(4), 325-337.
76. Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 314-334.
77. Viswesvaran, C., Schmidt, F. L., & Ones, D. S. (2002). The moderating influence of job performance dimensions on convergence of supervisory and peer ratings of job performance: Unconfounding construct-level convergence and rating difficulty. -of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 345-354.
78. Vitanov, N. V., Halfmann, T., Shore, B. W., & Bergmann, K. (2001). Laser-induced population transfer by adiabatic passage techniques. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 52(1), 763-809.
79. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. New York, NY: Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
80. Werts, C. E., Linn, R. L., & Joreskog, K. G. (1974). Intraclass reliability estimates: Testing structural assumptions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34(1), 25-33.
81. Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. (2007). A metaanalysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 127-162.
82. Yildirim, D. (2009). Bullying among nurses and its effects. International Nursing Review, 56(4), 504-511.
    Zapf, D. (1999). Organisational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 70-85.
83. Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.

Anwar, F., & Sidin, J. P. (2016). Interactive effects of social support and incivility on affective commitment innbanking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 2(6), 213-224.