This investigation focuses on flame hysteresis in a porous cylindrical burner. Different operating procedures of the experiment cause this hysteresis. Gradually increasing inflow velocity can transform the envelope flame into a wake flame. The blowoff curve is plotted by determining every critical inflow velocity that makes an envelope flame become a wake flame at various fuel-ejection velocities. In contrast, reducing the inflow velocity can transform the wake or lift-off flame into an envelope one. The reattachment curve can be obtained by the same method to explore the blowoff curve, but the intake process is reversed. However, these two curves are not coincident, except at the origin. The discrepancy between them is called hysteresis, and it results from the difference between the burning velocities associated with both curves. No hysteresis exists between two curves at the lowest fuel-ejection velocity because the difference between burning velocities is almost zero there. Then, raising the fuel-ejection velocity enhances hysteresis and the discrepancy between the two curves. However, when the fuel-ejection velocity exceeds a critical value, the intensity of hysteresis remains almost invariant and causes the two curves to parallel to each other.

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H. S. Chai and V. R. Chen. 2015, “Multi-State phenomena and hysteresis of counterflow flame over tsuji burner,” International Journal of Applied and Physical Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-13